Direct impacts of wolves on the community through predation
"The problem for the predator is a different one. His education is elaborate, his preparation extensive. Left to his instincts he would die. He must know his fellow creature much more thoroughly than they know him. He must know which challenges to accept and which to avoid. He must know how to feint with a large and potentially dangerous adversary and see how he hooks his horns. Like the matador, the wolf must study his potential prey and know where to put his body in those critical last seconds before his jaws close on the elk's throat. More than one poor student from a wolf litter has ended up feeding the ravens and other carrion seekers, his side split open, his body mangled by his intended prey."Roger Caras, The Custer Wolf, 1966
Can wolves and prey exist in equilibrium?
Competition and interaction with other carnivores
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